Friday, November 11, 2016

Birds have their nests, so do some reptiles.

Model of a dinosaur nest
Birds take care in choosing and making their nests. The successful hatching of the eggs and the survival of the young ones depend upon it. Egg-laying reptile also need to choose their nests with care. If they lay their eggs in the wrong place they may never hatch or survive after hatching.
The typical birds' nest is a construction of twigs, grass, leaves sometimes lined with mud or feathers. Reptiles don't do this. Instead they find a promising spot and dig a hole to lay their eggs in. Or put them in a burrow. Or pile up material to make a mound. Some lizards just lay eggs in cracks in the rock.
Some, the yellow spotted monitor lizard, dig complext tunnels or warrens where several lizards can deposit their eggs. Crocodiles heap up rotting vegetable matter and lay their eggs on the top of it. The nest is usually at the water's edge so that the hatchlings can get to the water easily.
Turtles dig a hole and lay their eggs in just one night. But Tuatara and green Iguanas will spend several nights constructing a proper burrow for their eggs. If they don't get it right, the eggs may never hatch. The longer incubation period required for reptile eggs puts them more at risk than birds' eggs.
Unless warm blooded birds that sit on their nests to keep the eggs warm and hatch them, most reptiles do not brood their eggs. So it is all the more important that they lay the eggs in a place where they will be warm enough. This means that there must be the right balance of sunlight and shade for eggs that are laid in the open air. Burrowing reptiles can make the burrow shorter or deeper according to th temperature they need.
The warmth of a nest site affects the offspring - the size and even the sex. Unfortunately because reptiles rarely brood their young, the individual reptile cannot know if her eggs have hatched successfully. If birds lose a clutch, they will often find a different nest site and lay second clutch of eggs to compensate. Reptiles can't do this.
Therefore climate warming is likely to affect reptiles more than birds -- and may alter sex ratios drastically.

*Refsnider,J.M., (2016), 'Nest choice and nest construction in reptiles,' Available at www.avianbiologyresearch.co.uk
Paper 1500632 doi: 10.3184/175815516X14490631289752
Accessed November 4 2016.



Friday, November 4, 2016

Ultraviolet light - your lizard needs it for communicating..... don't keep it in the dark

RobinSings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_crested_anole
Lizards can see colours that we see and they can see colours we don't see - the colours in ultraviolet light. And colours matter to them, because they communicate with each other using colour signals. If they couldn't see ultra violet colour, it would like being colour blind for a human. And worse, because where we use words, they use colour to "speak."
Anoline lizards, arboreal American lizards, use their dewlaps to communicate.  They open and close them, making a sort of colour flash, rather like (but not very like) light signals used in morse code from ships. The brightness of the colours and how they stand out from the background makes them effective signals. Male lizards sit up on a high perch or branch, and flash their dewlaps to attract females and deter male rivals from a distance. Dewlaps are coloured differently in different species, probably to make sure that they show up in different habitats.
The females and rival males "capture" the signals with their eyes which have special cones. One type of cone is specialised for ultraviolet light. (Humans don't have this kind of cone.) Scientists tested Puerto Rican crested anoles to see what happened if there was no ultraviolet light visible. The lack of ultraviolet meant that the signal looked less bright to the lizard. The signal (which simulated a dewlap flash) just looked dark against the background.
Moreover, ultraviolet light helped the lizard detect motion. A dewlap flash is only a flash if it stops and starts, so detecting motion is important. Detecting motion in all animals, including humans, seems to depend on the contrast between signal and background which is more noticeable for a lizard sees the ultraviolet light.
So if we are keeping lizards in vivariums with no ultraviolet light - or where the UV lighting has failed - we are keeping them in the dark. Not only are they not getting the UV light they need for vitamin D (which means low immune system and poor bones), but they are living in a dull dark world where they cannot communicate properly.

For more read:  Fleishman, L. JJ. & Persons, M., (2001), 'The influence of stimulus and background colour on visisbility in the lizard, Anolis cristatellus, The Journal of Experimental Biology, 204l 1559-1575